When firms find it difficult to raise capital through IPOs, what are other alternative ways of raising capital?

When firms find it difficult to raise capital through IPOs, what are other alternative ways of raising capital? 

Ans. Following alternative ways of raising capital are available: 

(a) Taking loans from other financial institutions or banks; 

(b) Selling assets of the company; 

(c) Reserved funds may be reinvested; 

(d) Private placement of securities; 

(e) Entering into Joint venture.